With a new government being formed in Berlin, economic security and technology should be at the heart of a new National Security Council.

Submarine critical infrastructure is vital for Europe’s data and energy needs and is vulnerable to attacks. European policymakers are faced with the triple challenge of attribution, deterrence, and resilience.

German politicians need to conduct a more nuanced debate about the risks that Russia might opt for more escalation over the West's support for Ukraine. Chancellor Olaf Scholz and his political rival Friedrich Merz should address their blind spots.

Germany and Europe need to focus their “de-risking” debate on technologies essential for the modernization of China’s military. Simultaneously, they should reduce dependencies more decisively.